Metformin suppresses gluconeogenesis by inhibiting mitochondrial glycerophosphate dehydrogenase
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Metformin suppresses gluconeogenesis by inhibiting mitochondrial glycerophosphate dehydrogenase. / Madiraju, Anila K; Erion, Derek M; Rahimi, Yasmeen; Zhang, Xian-Man; Braddock, Demetrios T; Albright, Ronald A; Prigaro, Brett J; Wood, John L; Bhanot, Sanjay; MacDonald, Michael J; Jurczak, Michael J; Camporez, Joao-Paulo; Lee, Hui-Young; Cline, Gary W; Samuel, Varman T; Kibbey, Richard G; Shulman, Gerald I.
In: Nature, Vol. 510, No. 7506, 2014, p. 542-546.Research output: Contribution to journal › Journal article › Research › peer-review
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TY - JOUR
T1 - Metformin suppresses gluconeogenesis by inhibiting mitochondrial glycerophosphate dehydrogenase
AU - Madiraju, Anila K
AU - Erion, Derek M
AU - Rahimi, Yasmeen
AU - Zhang, Xian-Man
AU - Braddock, Demetrios T
AU - Albright, Ronald A
AU - Prigaro, Brett J
AU - Wood, John L
AU - Bhanot, Sanjay
AU - MacDonald, Michael J
AU - Jurczak, Michael J
AU - Camporez, Joao-Paulo
AU - Lee, Hui-Young
AU - Cline, Gary W
AU - Samuel, Varman T
AU - Kibbey, Richard G
AU - Shulman, Gerald I.
PY - 2014
Y1 - 2014
N2 - Metformin is considered to be one of the most effective therapeutics for treating type 2 diabetes because it specifically reduces hepatic gluconeogenesis without increasing insulin secretion, inducing weight gain or posing a risk of hypoglycaemia. For over half a century, this agent has been prescribed to patients with type 2 diabetes worldwide, yet the underlying mechanism by which metformin inhibits hepatic gluconeogenesis remains unknown. Here we show that metformin non-competitively inhibits the redox shuttle enzyme mitochondrial glycerophosphate dehydrogenase, resulting in an altered hepatocellular redox state, reduced conversion of lactate and glycerol to glucose, and decreased hepatic gluconeogenesis. Acute and chronic low-dose metformin treatment effectively reduced endogenous glucose production, while increasing cytosolic redox and decreasing mitochondrial redox states. Antisense oligonucleotide knockdown of hepatic mitochondrial glycerophosphate dehydrogenase in rats resulted in a phenotype akin to chronic metformin treatment, and abrogated metformin-mediated increases in cytosolic redox state, decreases in plasma glucose concentrations, and inhibition of endogenous glucose production. These findings were replicated in whole-body mitochondrial glycerophosphate dehydrogenase knockout mice. These results have significant implications for understanding the mechanism of metformin's blood glucose lowering effects and provide a new therapeutic target for type 2 diabetes.
AB - Metformin is considered to be one of the most effective therapeutics for treating type 2 diabetes because it specifically reduces hepatic gluconeogenesis without increasing insulin secretion, inducing weight gain or posing a risk of hypoglycaemia. For over half a century, this agent has been prescribed to patients with type 2 diabetes worldwide, yet the underlying mechanism by which metformin inhibits hepatic gluconeogenesis remains unknown. Here we show that metformin non-competitively inhibits the redox shuttle enzyme mitochondrial glycerophosphate dehydrogenase, resulting in an altered hepatocellular redox state, reduced conversion of lactate and glycerol to glucose, and decreased hepatic gluconeogenesis. Acute and chronic low-dose metformin treatment effectively reduced endogenous glucose production, while increasing cytosolic redox and decreasing mitochondrial redox states. Antisense oligonucleotide knockdown of hepatic mitochondrial glycerophosphate dehydrogenase in rats resulted in a phenotype akin to chronic metformin treatment, and abrogated metformin-mediated increases in cytosolic redox state, decreases in plasma glucose concentrations, and inhibition of endogenous glucose production. These findings were replicated in whole-body mitochondrial glycerophosphate dehydrogenase knockout mice. These results have significant implications for understanding the mechanism of metformin's blood glucose lowering effects and provide a new therapeutic target for type 2 diabetes.
KW - Animals
KW - Blood Glucose
KW - Cells, Cultured
KW - Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
KW - Gluconeogenesis
KW - Glycerolphosphate Dehydrogenase
KW - Humans
KW - Hypoglycemic Agents
KW - Insulin
KW - Lactic Acid
KW - Liver
KW - Male
KW - Metformin
KW - Mice, Knockout
KW - Mitochondria
KW - Oxidation-Reduction
KW - Rats
KW - Rats, Sprague-Dawley
KW - Journal Article
KW - Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
KW - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
KW - Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
U2 - 10.1038/nature13270
DO - 10.1038/nature13270
M3 - Journal article
C2 - 24847880
VL - 510
SP - 542
EP - 546
JO - Nature
JF - Nature
SN - 0028-0836
IS - 7506
ER -
ID: 174466234