Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a buildup of excessive fat in the liver that can lead to liver damage resembling the damage caused by alcohol abuse, but that occurs in people who do not drink heavily. The disease is of complex and of multifactorial origin. Insulin resistance and obesity are considered major risk factors for the development and progression of NAFLD, however, an important genetic component has been demonstrated. Recent phenotypic characterization of a large number of individuals with NAFLD and developments in genotyping technology has allowed for identification of common genetic variants associating with NAFLD. This book chapter focuses on recent insights into the genetics of NAFLD and directions for future genetic studies are discussed.