Is complying with the recommendations of sodium intake beneficial for health in individuals at high cardiovascular risk? Findings from the PREDIMED study

Research output: Contribution to journal › Journal article › Research › peer-review

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Is complying with the recommendations of sodium intake beneficial for health in individuals at high cardiovascular risk? Findings from the PREDIMED study. / Merino, Jordi; Guasch-Ferré, Marta; Martínez-González, Miguel A.; Corella, Dolores; Estruch, Ramon; Fitó, Montserrat; Ros, Emilio; Arós, Fernando; Bulló, Mònica; Gómez-Gracia, Enrique; Moñino, Manuel; Lapetra, José; Serra-Majem, Lluís; Razquin, Cristina; Buil-Cosiales, Pilar; Sorlí, José V.; Muñoz, Miguel A.; Pintó, Xavier; Masana, Luis; Salas-Salvadó, Jordi.

In: American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Vol. 101, No. 3, 2015, p. 440-448.

Research output: Contribution to journal › Journal article › Research › peer-review

Harvard

Merino, J, Guasch-Ferré, M, Martínez-González, MA, Corella, D, Estruch, R, Fitó, M, Ros, E, Arós, F, Bulló, M, Gómez-Gracia, E, Moñino, M, Lapetra, J, Serra-Majem, L, Razquin, C, Buil-Cosiales, P, Sorlí, JV, Muñoz, MA, Pintó, X, Masana, L & Salas-Salvadó, J 2015, 'Is complying with the recommendations of sodium intake beneficial for health in individuals at high cardiovascular risk? Findings from the PREDIMED study', American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, vol. 101, no. 3, pp. 440-448. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.114.096750

APA

Merino, J., Guasch-Ferré, M., Martínez-González, M. A., Corella, D., Estruch, R., Fitó, M., Ros, E., Arós, F., Bulló, M., Gómez-Gracia, E., Moñino, M., Lapetra, J., Serra-Majem, L., Razquin, C., Buil-Cosiales, P., Sorlí, J. V., Muñoz, M. A., Pintó, X., Masana, L., & Salas-Salvadó, J. (2015). Is complying with the recommendations of sodium intake beneficial for health in individuals at high cardiovascular risk? Findings from the PREDIMED study. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 101(3), 440-448. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.114.096750

Vancouver

Merino J, Guasch-Ferré M, Martínez-González MA, Corella D, Estruch R, Fitó M et al. Is complying with the recommendations of sodium intake beneficial for health in individuals at high cardiovascular risk? Findings from the PREDIMED study. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2015;101(3):440-448. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.114.096750

Author

Merino, Jordi ; Guasch-Ferré, Marta ; Martínez-González, Miguel A. ; Corella, Dolores ; Estruch, Ramon ; Fitó, Montserrat ; Ros, Emilio ; Arós, Fernando ; Bulló, Mònica ; Gómez-Gracia, Enrique ; Moñino, Manuel ; Lapetra, José ; Serra-Majem, Lluís ; Razquin, Cristina ; Buil-Cosiales, Pilar ; Sorlí, José V. ; Muñoz, Miguel A. ; Pintó, Xavier ; Masana, Luis ; Salas-Salvadó, Jordi. / Is complying with the recommendations of sodium intake beneficial for health in individuals at high cardiovascular risk? Findings from the PREDIMED study. In: American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2015 ; Vol. 101, No. 3. pp. 440-448.

Bibtex

@article{ae157536da89468e91bd294a102e47c4,
title = "Is complying with the recommendations of sodium intake beneficial for health in individuals at high cardiovascular risk? Findings from the PREDIMED study",
abstract = "Background: Excess sodium intake is associated with high blood pressure, a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). It is unknown whether decreasing sodium intake to <2300 mg/d has an effect on CVD or all-cause mortality. Objective: The objective was to assess whether reductions in sodium intake to <2300 mg/d were associated with either an increased or a decreased risk of fatal and nonfatal CVD and all-cause mortality. Design: This observational prospective study of the PREvenci{\'o}n con DIeta MEDiterr{\'a}nea (PREDIMED) trial included 3982 participants at high CVD risk. Sodium intake was evaluated with a validated foodfrequency questionnaire and categorized as low (<1500 mg/d), intermediate (≥1500 to ≤2300 mg/d), high (>2300 to ≤3400 mg/d), or very high (>3400 mg/d). Subsequently, 1-y and 3-y changes in sodium intake were calculated. Multivariate relative risks were assessed by using Cox proportional hazards ratios. Marginal structural models with inverse probability weighting were used to test the effect of changes in sodium intake and the Mediterranean diet (MedDiet). Results: We documented 125 CVD events and 131 deaths after a 4.8-y median follow-up. Sodium intake <2300 mg/d was associated with a lower risk of all-cause mortality: 48% (HR: 0.52; 95% CI: 0.30, 0.91; P = 0.02) and 49% (HR: 0.51; 95% CI: 0.26, 0.98; P = 0.04) after 1 and 3 y, respectively. Increasing sodium intake after 1 y was associated with a 72% (HR: 1.72; 95% CI: 1.01, 2.91; P = 0.04) higher risk of CVD events. The incidence rate of CVD was reduced for those who reduced their sodium intake and were randomly assigned to MedDiet interventions [4.1/10,000 (95% CI: 3.1, 8.0) compared with 4.4/10,000 (95% CI: 2.7, 12.4) person-years; P = 0.002]. Conclusions: Decreasing sodium intake to <2300 mg/d was associated with a reduced risk of all-cause mortality, whereas increasing the intake to >2300 mg/d was associated with a higher risk of CVD. Our observational data suggest that sodium intake <2300 mg/d was associated with an enhanced beneficial effect of the MedDiet on CVD. These results should be interpreted with caution, and other confirmatory studies are necessary.",
keywords = "Cardiovascular disease, Mediterranean diet, Mortality, PREDIMED study, Sodium intake",
author = "Jordi Merino and Marta Guasch-Ferr{\'e} and Mart{\'i}nez-Gonz{\'a}lez, {Miguel A.} and Dolores Corella and Ramon Estruch and Montserrat Fit{\'o} and Emilio Ros and Fernando Ar{\'o}s and M{\`o}nica Bull{\'o} and Enrique G{\'o}mez-Gracia and Manuel Mo{\~n}ino and Jos{\'e} Lapetra and Llu{\'i}s Serra-Majem and Cristina Razquin and Pilar Buil-Cosiales and Sorl{\'i}, {Jos{\'e} V.} and Mu{\~n}oz, {Miguel A.} and Xavier Pint{\'o} and Luis Masana and Jordi Salas-Salvad{\'o}",
note = "Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2015 American Society for Nutrition.",
year = "2015",
doi = "10.3945/ajcn.114.096750",
language = "English",
volume = "101",
pages = "440--448",
journal = "American Journal of Clinical Nutrition",
issn = "0002-9165",
publisher = "American Society for Nutrition",
number = "3",

}

RIS

TY - JOUR

T1 - Is complying with the recommendations of sodium intake beneficial for health in individuals at high cardiovascular risk? Findings from the PREDIMED study

AU - Merino, Jordi

AU - Guasch-Ferré, Marta

AU - Martínez-González, Miguel A.

AU - Corella, Dolores

AU - Estruch, Ramon

AU - Fitó, Montserrat

AU - Ros, Emilio

AU - Arós, Fernando

AU - Bulló, Mònica

AU - Gómez-Gracia, Enrique

AU - Moñino, Manuel

AU - Lapetra, José

AU - Serra-Majem, Lluís

AU - Razquin, Cristina

AU - Buil-Cosiales, Pilar

AU - Sorlí, José V.

AU - Muñoz, Miguel A.

AU - Pintó, Xavier

AU - Masana, Luis

AU - Salas-Salvadó, Jordi

N1 - Publisher Copyright: © 2015 American Society for Nutrition.

PY - 2015

Y1 - 2015

N2 - Background: Excess sodium intake is associated with high blood pressure, a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). It is unknown whether decreasing sodium intake to <2300 mg/d has an effect on CVD or all-cause mortality. Objective: The objective was to assess whether reductions in sodium intake to <2300 mg/d were associated with either an increased or a decreased risk of fatal and nonfatal CVD and all-cause mortality. Design: This observational prospective study of the PREvención con DIeta MEDiterránea (PREDIMED) trial included 3982 participants at high CVD risk. Sodium intake was evaluated with a validated foodfrequency questionnaire and categorized as low (<1500 mg/d), intermediate (≥1500 to ≤2300 mg/d), high (>2300 to ≤3400 mg/d), or very high (>3400 mg/d). Subsequently, 1-y and 3-y changes in sodium intake were calculated. Multivariate relative risks were assessed by using Cox proportional hazards ratios. Marginal structural models with inverse probability weighting were used to test the effect of changes in sodium intake and the Mediterranean diet (MedDiet). Results: We documented 125 CVD events and 131 deaths after a 4.8-y median follow-up. Sodium intake <2300 mg/d was associated with a lower risk of all-cause mortality: 48% (HR: 0.52; 95% CI: 0.30, 0.91; P = 0.02) and 49% (HR: 0.51; 95% CI: 0.26, 0.98; P = 0.04) after 1 and 3 y, respectively. Increasing sodium intake after 1 y was associated with a 72% (HR: 1.72; 95% CI: 1.01, 2.91; P = 0.04) higher risk of CVD events. The incidence rate of CVD was reduced for those who reduced their sodium intake and were randomly assigned to MedDiet interventions [4.1/10,000 (95% CI: 3.1, 8.0) compared with 4.4/10,000 (95% CI: 2.7, 12.4) person-years; P = 0.002]. Conclusions: Decreasing sodium intake to <2300 mg/d was associated with a reduced risk of all-cause mortality, whereas increasing the intake to >2300 mg/d was associated with a higher risk of CVD. Our observational data suggest that sodium intake <2300 mg/d was associated with an enhanced beneficial effect of the MedDiet on CVD. These results should be interpreted with caution, and other confirmatory studies are necessary.

AB - Background: Excess sodium intake is associated with high blood pressure, a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). It is unknown whether decreasing sodium intake to <2300 mg/d has an effect on CVD or all-cause mortality. Objective: The objective was to assess whether reductions in sodium intake to <2300 mg/d were associated with either an increased or a decreased risk of fatal and nonfatal CVD and all-cause mortality. Design: This observational prospective study of the PREvención con DIeta MEDiterránea (PREDIMED) trial included 3982 participants at high CVD risk. Sodium intake was evaluated with a validated foodfrequency questionnaire and categorized as low (<1500 mg/d), intermediate (≥1500 to ≤2300 mg/d), high (>2300 to ≤3400 mg/d), or very high (>3400 mg/d). Subsequently, 1-y and 3-y changes in sodium intake were calculated. Multivariate relative risks were assessed by using Cox proportional hazards ratios. Marginal structural models with inverse probability weighting were used to test the effect of changes in sodium intake and the Mediterranean diet (MedDiet). Results: We documented 125 CVD events and 131 deaths after a 4.8-y median follow-up. Sodium intake <2300 mg/d was associated with a lower risk of all-cause mortality: 48% (HR: 0.52; 95% CI: 0.30, 0.91; P = 0.02) and 49% (HR: 0.51; 95% CI: 0.26, 0.98; P = 0.04) after 1 and 3 y, respectively. Increasing sodium intake after 1 y was associated with a 72% (HR: 1.72; 95% CI: 1.01, 2.91; P = 0.04) higher risk of CVD events. The incidence rate of CVD was reduced for those who reduced their sodium intake and were randomly assigned to MedDiet interventions [4.1/10,000 (95% CI: 3.1, 8.0) compared with 4.4/10,000 (95% CI: 2.7, 12.4) person-years; P = 0.002]. Conclusions: Decreasing sodium intake to <2300 mg/d was associated with a reduced risk of all-cause mortality, whereas increasing the intake to >2300 mg/d was associated with a higher risk of CVD. Our observational data suggest that sodium intake <2300 mg/d was associated with an enhanced beneficial effect of the MedDiet on CVD. These results should be interpreted with caution, and other confirmatory studies are necessary.

KW - Cardiovascular disease

KW - Mediterranean diet

KW - Mortality

KW - PREDIMED study

KW - Sodium intake

U2 - 10.3945/ajcn.114.096750

DO - 10.3945/ajcn.114.096750

M3 - Journal article

C2 - 25733627

AN - SCOPUS:84928416462

VL - 101

SP - 440

EP - 448

JO - American Journal of Clinical Nutrition

JF - American Journal of Clinical Nutrition

SN - 0002-9165

IS - 3

ER -

ID: 358650109